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September 18, 2024

Exploring the Mind-Altering World of Psychedelics: A Comprehensive Definition and Guide

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Exploring the Mind-Altering World of Psychedelics: A Comprehensive Definition and Guide

Welcome to the mind-altering world of psychedelics. In this comprehensive definition and guide, we will embark on a journey through various dimensions of consciousness, exploring the profound effects of psychedelic substances on the human mind.

Psychedelics have captivated the curiosity of scientists, psychologists, and spiritual seekers for decades. From the mystical experiences reported by ancient cultures to the groundbreaking research conducted today, these substances continue to offer a unique window into the depths of human perception.

In this article, we will delve into the different categories of psychedelics, such as psilocybin mushrooms, LSD, and DMT, uncovering their origins, effects, and potential therapeutic applications. We will also discuss the risks and precautions associated with their use, providing a balanced view of their benefits and potential pitfalls.

Whether you are a seasoned psychonaut or someone simply intrigued by these mind-expanding substances, this article will serve as a valuable resource for understanding the world of psychedelics. Join us as we unravel the mysteries and discover the transformative power within these fascinating compounds.

What are psychedelics?

Psychedelics, also known as hallucinogens, are a class of psychoactive substances that can profoundly alter perception, mood, and consciousness. These mind-altering compounds work by interacting with the brain’s serotonin receptors, particularly the 5-HT2A receptor, which is responsible for regulating various cognitive and sensory processes.

Psychedelics are characterized by their ability to induce altered states of consciousness, often described as “trips” or “journeys.” These experiences can range from the profoundly spiritual and introspective to the visually stunning and euphoric. The effects of psychedelics can vary widely depending on the specific substance, dosage, set (the user’s mindset and expectations), and setting (the physical and social environment).

While the term “psychedelics” is often used interchangeably with “hallucinogens,” it’s important to note that not all hallucinogens are psychedelics. Hallucinogens can be divided into two main categories: psychedelics and dissociatives. Psychedelics, such as LSD, psilocybin, and DMT, are known for their ability to enhance sensory perception, evoke vivid imagery, and facilitate introspective experiences. Dissociatives, on the other hand, are characterized by their ability to induce a sense of detachment from one’s physical body and surroundings, often leading to a feeling of “out-of-body” experiences.

History of psychedelics

The use of psychedelics has a long and fascinating history, dating back thousands of years. Ancient cultures around the world have long recognized the transformative power of these substances, incorporating them into religious and spiritual practices.

One of the earliest known uses of psychedelics can be traced back to the ancient Aztec and Mayan civilizations, where the psilocybin-containing “magic mushrooms” were revered for their mind-altering properties. Similarly, the indigenous peoples of the Amazon rainforest have used the DMT-containing ayahuasca brew for centuries, employing it in shamanic rituals and healing ceremonies.

In the 20th century, the scientific community began to take a closer look at the potential of psychedelics. In the 1940s, Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann discovered the psychoactive properties of LSD, which he later synthesized and experimented with. This led to a surge of research into the therapeutic and consciousness-expanding effects of psychedelics, with scientists exploring their potential applications in psychiatry, psychotherapy, and the study of human consciousness.

However, the recreational use and growing popularity of psychedelics in the 1960s, particularly LSD, led to a backlash and the eventual criminalization of these substances in many countries. This largely halted scientific research and exploration of psychedelics for several decades, until a recent resurgence of interest and renewed scientific investigations in the past two decades.

Different types of psychedelics

Psychedelics encompass a diverse range of substances, each with its own unique chemical structure and effects on the mind and body. Here are some of the most well-known and studied psychedelics:

Psilocybin Mushrooms

Psilocybin mushrooms, commonly referred to as “magic mushrooms,” are a genus of fungi that contain the psychoactive compounds psilocybin and psilocin. These mushrooms have been used for centuries in various cultural and spiritual practices, particularly in Central America and Mexico. When ingested, psilocybin mushrooms can induce vivid visual hallucinations, altered perceptions of time and space, and a profound sense of introspection and connection with the natural world.

SD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)

LSD, or lysergic acid diethylamide, is a synthetic psychedelic compound derived from ergot, a fungus that grows on rye and other grains. LSD is known for its potent psychoactive effects, which can include intense visual hallucinations, heightened sensory perception, and a profound alteration of consciousness. LSD was extensively researched in the mid-20th century for its potential therapeutic applications, but its recreational use and associated counterculture movement led to its criminalization in many countries.

T (Dimethyltryptamine)

DMT, or dimethyltryptamine, is a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in various plant species and even produced endogenously in the human body. When consumed, DMT can induce a powerful, short-lived psychedelic experience characterized by intense visual hallucinations, a sense of ego dissolution, and a profound feeling of connection with the divine or the “spiritual realm.” DMT is the primary active ingredient in the Amazonian brew known as ayahuasca, which has been used for centuries in indigenous shamanic practices.

MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine)

While not strictly a psychedelic, MDMA (also known as ecstasy or molly) is a synthetic drug that shares some similarities with psychedelics. MDMA is classified as an empathogen, meaning it can enhance feelings of empathy, emotional connection, and social bonding. In addition to its recreational use, MDMA has shown promise in the treatment of various mental health conditions, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and social anxiety.

How psychedelics work in the brain

Psychedelics exert their mind-altering effects by interacting with the brain’s complex neurochemical systems, particularly the serotonin (5-HT) receptor network. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological and psychological processes, including mood, perception, and cognition.

The primary mechanism of action for most psychedelics involves binding to the 5-HT2A receptor, which is highly expressed in the prefrontal cortex, a region of the brain responsible for higher-order cognitive functions, decision-making, and emotional processing. When psychedelics bind to these receptors, they can trigger a cascade of neurochemical changes that result in the characteristic alterations in perception, mood, and consciousness.

In addition to the 5-HT2A receptor, psychedelics may also interact with other serotonin receptors, as well as other neurotransmitter systems, such as the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems. These complex neurobiological interactions contribute to the diverse range of psychedelic experiences, which can vary significantly depending on the specific substance, dosage, and individual neurophysiology.

Neuroimaging studies have revealed that psychedelics can induce profound changes in brain connectivity and network dynamics, leading to a temporary “disintegration” of the brain’s default mode network. This network is typically responsible for maintaining our sense of self and our habitual patterns of thinking and behavior. By disrupting this network, psychedelics can facilitate a more fluid and flexible state of consciousness, allowing for new perspectives and insights to emerge.

The effects of psychedelics on perception and consciousness

The most striking and profound effects of psychedelics are often observed in the realm of perception and consciousness. These substances have the remarkable ability to profoundly alter an individual’s subjective experience of reality, leading to a heightened awareness and a deeper connection with one’s inner and outer worlds.

One of the hallmark effects of psychedelics is the enhancement of sensory perception. Users often report experiencing a heightened sensitivity to visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli, with colors appearing more vibrant, sounds becoming more nuanced, and physical sensations feeling more intense. This amplification of sensory input can lead to the experience of synesthesia, where senses become intertwined, and individuals may “hear” colors or “see” sounds.

In addition to the perceptual changes, psychedelics can also induce a profound shift in one’s sense of self and consciousness. Users often report a sense of ego dissolution, where the boundaries between the self and the external world become blurred, leading to a feeling of oneness with the universe or a deeper connection with the divine. This altered state of consciousness can facilitate introspective insights, emotional breakthroughs, and a renewed sense of meaning and purpose.

The subjective experience of psychedelics can also be characterized by a distorted sense of time, with users often reporting that time appears to slow down or even stand still. This altered perception of time can contribute to a sense of timelessness and a heightened appreciation for the present moment.

Potential benefits of using psychedelics

Despite the historical stigma and legal restrictions surrounding psychedelics, there is a growing body of research highlighting their potential therapeutic benefits in various domains, including mental health, addiction treatment, and personal growth.

One of the most promising areas of psychedelic research is in the treatment of mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Studies have shown that psychedelics, particularly psilocybin and MDMA, can help alleviate symptoms and improve overall well-being in patients suffering from these debilitating disorders. The therapeutic potential of psychedelics lies in their ability to facilitate introspection, emotional processing, and the integration of traumatic experiences.

Treatment

Psychedelics have also shown promise in the treatment of addiction, including alcoholism and nicotine dependence. The profound experiences and insights facilitated by psychedelics can help individuals gain a deeper understanding of their addictive behaviors and motivate them to make positive changes in their lives. Additionally, psychedelics may help to “reset” the brain’s reward pathways, reducing cravings and improving overall well-being.

d Spiritual Exploration

Beyond the clinical applications, psychedelics have long been used for personal growth, self-exploration, and spiritual development. The altered states of consciousness induced by these substances can facilitate a sense of connection with the divine, a deeper understanding of one’s place in the universe, and a renewed appreciation for the interconnectedness of all things. This can lead to positive changes in an individual’s values, priorities, and overall outlook on life.

Creativity and Problem-Solving

Some researchers have also explored the potential of psychedelics to enhance creativity and problem-solving abilities. By disrupting habitual patterns of thinking and opening the mind to new perspectives, psychedelics may facilitate the emergence of novel ideas, innovative solutions, and a more flexible and adaptive mindset.

Risks and potential side effects of psychedelics

While the potential benefits of psychedelics are significant, it is crucial to acknowledge the risks and potential side effects associated with their use. Responsible and informed use is essential when exploring these mind-altering substances.

Psychological Risks

One of the primary concerns with psychedelics is the potential for adverse psychological reactions, such as anxiety, panic attacks, and psychotic episodes, particularly in individuals with pre-existing mental health conditions or a predisposition to mental illness. The “bad trip” phenomenon, where users experience intense fear, paranoia, or a sense of losing control, can be a significant risk, especially in unprepared or unsupported settings.

Physical Risks

Psychedelics can also pose physical risks, including increased heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature, as well as the potential for nausea, vomiting, and dehydration. In rare cases, psychedelics have been linked to the onset of underlying medical conditions, such as cardiovascular or neurological problems.

-Term Risks

The long-term effects of psychedelics are not yet fully understood, and there is a need for more longitudinal research to determine the potential for lasting cognitive, emotional, or neurological changes. Additionally, the use of psychedelics in an uncontrolled or unsupervised setting can increase the risk of legal consequences, such as arrest or incarceration.

indications and Interactions

It is crucial to consider the potential contraindications and drug interactions when using psychedelics, as they may interact with certain medications, medical conditions, or other substances, potentially leading to adverse or even dangerous outcomes.

Legal status of psychedelics around the world

The legal status of psychedelics varies significantly around the world, reflecting the complex and often controversial nature of these substances.

and Criminalization

In many countries, including the United States, most psychedelics are classified as Schedule I or II controlled substances, meaning they are considered to have a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use. Possession, cultivation, and distribution of these substances are generally illegal and can result in severe criminal penalties.

Decriminalization and Legalization Efforts

However, there has been a growing movement towards the decriminalization and legalization of certain psychedelics, particularly psilocybin and MDMA, in recognition of their potential therapeutic benefits. Some jurisdictions, such as Oregon and several cities in the United States, have taken steps to decriminalize the possession and use of these substances for personal consumption.

Regulated Medical and Research Use

In a few countries, such as the Netherlands and Switzerland, the use of psychedelics is permitted for medical and research purposes under strict regulatory frameworks. This allows for the controlled and supervised administration of these substances, primarily for the treatment of mental health conditions and the advancement of scientific understanding.

Indigenous and Traditional Use

In some regions, the traditional and ceremonial use of psychedelics, such as ayahuasca in the Amazon basin, is recognized and protected, reflecting the cultural and spiritual significance of these substances for indigenous communities.

How to safely use psychedelics

For individuals interested in exploring the world of psychedelics, it is essential to prioritize safety and responsible use. Here are some key considerations for safely using psychedelics:

and Setting

The “set and setting” is a crucial factor in determining the quality and outcome of a psychedelic experience. Set refers to the user’s mindset, including their expectations, intentions, and emotional state. Setting refers to the physical and social environment in which the experience takes place. Ensuring a comfortable, supportive, and controlled setting can minimize the risk of adverse reactions.

Dosage and Purity

Accurate dosing and the purity of the substance are crucial for a safe and enjoyable experience. It is essential to start with a low dose and gradually increase as needed, rather than taking a high dose initially. Obtaining psychedelics from trusted and reputable sources can help ensure the purity and potency of the substance.

Preparation and Integration

Proper preparation, including research, education, and the development of a supportive network, can significantly enhance the psychedelic experience. Additionally, the integration of insights and experiences gained during the psychedelic journey is crucial for translating the benefits into lasting personal growth and positive changes.

Supervision and Guidance

For those new to psychedelics or those with pre-existing mental health conditions, the presence of a trained guide or facilitator can provide invaluable support and ensure a safe and productive experience. These individuals can help navigate the psychedelic journey and offer guidance during challenging moments.

Harm Reduction Practices

Incorporating harm reduction practices, such as testing the substance for purity, having a sober companion present, and being aware of potential interactions with other medications or substances, can further mitigate the risks associated with psychedelic use.

Conclusion: Exploring the future of psychedelics

As we delve deeper into the captivating world of psychedelics, it is clear that these mind-altering substances hold immense potential for transforming our understanding of consciousness, mental health, and the human experience. From the ancient spiritual practices of indigenous cultures to the cutting-edge scientific research of today, psychedelics continue to capture the imagination and curiosity of individuals across the globe.

The future of psychedelics holds both promise and challenge. As the scientific community continues to unravel the complex neurobiological mechanisms underlying the effects of these substances, we may witness the development of innovative therapeutic approaches for a wide range of mental health conditions. At the same time, the legal and regulatory landscape surrounding psychedelics remains a complex and ever-evolving landscape, requiring careful consideration and thoughtful policymaking.

Ultimately, the exploration of psychedelics invites us to embrace the profound and often humbling nature of the human mind. By expanding our understanding of consciousness and the depths of our own subjective experiences, we may unlock new pathways for personal growth, spiritual enlightenment, and the betterment of the human condition. As we continue to navigate this captivating world, let us do so with an open mind, a deep sense of responsibility, and a reverence for the mysteries that lie within.

January 22, 2021

Where do magic mushrooms grow?

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How to Find Psychedelic Mushrooms

Photo of mushrooms growing in moss

Psilocybin mushrooms are an all-time psychonaut favorite, and rightfully so. They belong to a class of psychedelics called entheogens – this word was coined to describe their immensely spiritual properties and purpose, and can be translated to something along the lines of “manifesting divinity.”

There is evidence to suggest that psychedelic mushrooms have been used ritually by Aztecs, Mayas, and other ancient Mesoamerican cultures, and perhaps many thousands of years before that by aboriginal Saharan tribes in North Africa. According to Terence McKenna, psilocybin might actually be responsible for the development of our creativity hundreds of thousands of years ago.

In any case, humans have been connecting with the divine via magic mushrooms for a long time, and this tradition has carried on into the modern age. However, in this modern age, possession and use of shrooms is forbidden by law in most of the world. The question poses itself – how and where to find magic mushrooms? Without further ado, below are a few of the most accessible ways to source them.

We’ve written about psilocybin mushrooms here, in our Essential Guide.

PICK THEM YOURSELF

Finding psychedelic mushrooms might not be as tricky as you’d think. The first place where you should consider looking for them is probably the most obvious one – your own backyard.

Psilocybin mushrooms are abundant in nature. If you live in the right place, you can get quite lucky during their fruiting season. However, you need to be seriously acquainted with the different strains that grow in your area. It’s a well-known fact that mushrooms come in all shapes and sizes, as well as in various levels of toxicity. Some can cause mild poisoning, while others can be quite deadly. At times, the differences in their appearance are minute, but you need to be sure that what you’re picking won’t be the end of you.

Where do magic mushrooms grow?

The number one element all fungi need for growth is moisture. Dry air and wind can easily kill them. They also require a certain temperature, which is specific for each species, and fertile soil full of nutrients such as sugar, starch, lignin, fats, protein, and nitrogen.

If there is a right amount of nutrients in tree bark, fallen leaves, dung, mulch, or compost, you will find mushrooms happily sprouting on the surface. They don’t necessarily need a dark environment, but the absence of light does help the air retain its moisture. This is why densely forested areas close to big bodies of water usually provide suitable conditions, so it’s a good place to start looking for them.

Animal dung (especially cow dung) is about as nutritious a growing environment as it gets – if the humidity is right, it’s highly probable to spot them growing from it.

Where to find magic mushrooms

You can find psychedelic mushrooms quite commonly throughout North America, especially on the West Coast, in the northeast of the continent, and around the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico itself and most of Central America are brimming with them, and so are some South American countries, such as Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela, and Argentina.

Hawaii seems to be a paradise not just for holidays – some world-class strains come from these ancient islands. Other locations abundant with shrooms are South Africa, the east coast of Australia, South India, the Philippines, and pretty much the whole coastal region of Southeast Asia.

Oh, and you can find shrooms growing all over Europe, too.

Global Distribution of over 100 species of psychedelic mushrooms. From: Guzmán G, Allen JW, Gartz J (1998). A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion. 

So, if you are feeling up for some foraging, odds are that there are fresh magic shrooms growing somewhere close by. But, again – make sure to become extremely familiar with all the types of mushrooms growing in your area, their effect and appearance. Erowid has a valuable resource for identifying the trippy ones and Shroomery has a thorough list of all the species of psilocybin shrooms you can find growing in countries around the world and states around the USA. Mycotopia is also a great online community where you can consult with fellow shroomheads about anything you might be curious or concerned about.

How to identify magic mushrooms

There is an incredible variety of mushroom species in general, and the same goes for the psilocybin-containing ones. So far, there are some 227 accepted and classified species, 53 of which grow in Mexico, 22 in the USA and Canada, 19 in Australia and the eastern islands, 16 in Europe and 15 in Asia. Some of these species overlap in terms of where they grow, some are endemic to certain areas and conditions.

There is no single feature based on which magic mushrooms can be distinguished from regular ones. They come in many shapes, sizes, and colors, and the only way to truly differentiate them is to know their appearance well, and get experience in mushroom hunting.

A good strategy to start with is to get familiar with the most common species of psychedelic shrooms available in the wild. Here are the top five to get you started off:

1) Psilocybe cubensis and Psilocybe subcubensis

Psilocybe Cubensis in its natural habitat

Psilocybe cubensis and Psilocybe subcubensis are two species that can be found in tropical zones throughout the world. The former are much more common, and are the most well-known species of magic mushrooms, whereas the latter are not as abundant, but can be found growing in the same areas. Their appearance is also very similar: they are classic stubby-stemmed parasol-shaped mushrooms with predominantly light-to-golden-brownish caps that are bulbous before fruiting, and flat and wide in diameter when fully mature. A certain kind of P. cubensis is known worldwide as the “Golden Teacher”.

2) Psilocybe semilanceata

Psilocybe semilanceata
Psilocybe semilanceata/ Zinnmann / CC BY-SA 3.0

Psilocybe semilanceata might be the most widely available psychedelic shrooms. You are likely to be able to find them if you live in Europe, North and South America, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. They also go by the name “Liberty Caps”, because of their dark bell-shaped tops. Their stems are slim, and can be wavy.

3) Psilocybe cyanescens

Psilocybe cyanescens
Psilocybe cyanescens / Caleb Brown / CC BY-SA 3.0

Psilocybe cyanescens are quite easily recognized due to their undulating tops. For this reason, they are commonly referred to as “Wavy Caps”. They are among the most potent magic mushrooms in existence, reaching a whopping 1.96% of active compound content by dry weight in North America. They also cover a decent array of latitudes, and can be found on the West Coast of the USA, south of the Bay Area, in Central and Western Europe, New Zealand, and parts of Western Asia.

4) Panaeolus or Copelandia cyanescens

Copelandia cyanescens
Copelandia cyanescens / Alan Rockefeller / CC BY-SA 4.0

Also known as the “Hawaiian” shrooms, these are not the most distinct species, with long, slim stems and light brown to light grey caps. However, in terms of their effect, they are up there with the greats. They grow all over the world: in south North America and north South America, Western Europe, Central Africa, South and Southeast Asia and throughout Oceania.

5) Psilocybe azurescens

Psilocybe azurescens

Psilocybe azurescens are endemic to the West Coast of the USA, specifically to Oregon and Washington. They earn a spot in the top five for having almost the highest concentration of psilocybin out of any magic mushroom species you can find: up to 1.80%. In addition, they have an incredible amount of baeocystin, which is a chemical analog of psilocybin. Compared to P. cubensis, they can contain up to ten times more of this compound by dry weight, which puts them among the most potent magic mushrooms in existence. They are also quite beautiful shrooms, sporting a slim stem and a convex caramel-colored cap with a conical top.

GROWING MAGIC MUSHROOMS

If you’re not enticed by the prospect of a gathering quest that may result in misidentification-induced poisoning, or if you live in an area where it’s impossible to find magic mushrooms, you’ll be happy to know that there is an accessible alternative: growing shrooms on your own is relatively easy to do! Even better than that: growing mushrooms provides for a year-round supply, enables you to try strains from all over the world, and – the best part – if you live in the US (but not in CA, GA, or ID), buying spores is legal because they don’t yet contain psilocybin or psilocin, the active psychedelic elements. If you live in NM, even growing the mushrooms is legal! Look into our detailed guide on the legality status of mushrooms around the world for more info.

There are two ways to go about it – you can either order an uninoculated grow kit and spores online, or make your own substrate from scratch. The first option is the easier one – if your material came from a reputable vendor and there was no contamination, all it will take from you is to keep the grow kit in a dark and humid place. However, we do recommend that you go DIY with this project – it’s more fun, you learn more from it, and it can yield better results. Luckily, The Third Wave has prepared a thorough and easy-to-follow guide on how you can do just this.

BUY THEM IN COUNTRIES WHERE THEY’RE LEGAL

A third option would be to consult our guide on the international legality of psilocybin, and to find somewhere close to you where you can safely and legally buy, or otherwise procure, and consume them.

If you’re in Europe, you have quite a few choices: the Netherlands, Austria, Czech Republic, Spain, and Portugal. The Netherlands, of course, outlawed psilocybin mushrooms back in 2008, but magic truffles are perfectly legal to purchase and consume. If this piques your interest, be sure to check out our guide to the differences between magic mushrooms and magic truffles. As for the rest of the countries, psilocybin has undergone decriminalization, which means that it’s either alright to possess small amounts for personal use.

In the case that you are looking for a more structured setting in which to try psilocybin in a legal and guided manner, you can consider a guided psilocybin retreat  with Synthesis, our trusted partner, in Amsterdam.

That’s all there is to it. This article should contain enough info to get you started on your mushroom-sourcing venture. Make sure to obey the law and stay safe in your search, and, as always, in your psychonautical endeavors.

January 22, 2021

Do Canadians have a constitutional right to magic mushrooms?

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Do Canadians have a constitutional right to magic mushrooms?

Psilocybin mushrooms in a grow room in a farm in Hazerswoude, central Netherlands.
Canada has to consider whether magic mushrooms are a medical right
By Olivia Goldhill

Science reporter

Where cannabis first trod, magic mushrooms are sure to follow. A Canadian therapist has asked Health Canada to permit the use of psilocybin, the psychedelic ingredient in magic mushrooms, for medical reasons. If denied, he’s planning to file a lawsuit, claiming the health department’s decision would violate Canadians’ right to “life, liberty, and security of person”—an argument that previously convinced Canadian courts that it is unconstitutional to prohibit medical access to cannabis.

Therapist Bruce Tobin said he submitted an application with Health Canada in March, asking for approval to treat cancer patients’ end-of-life anxiety with psilocybin. Magic mushrooms are illegal under Canada’s Controlled Drug and Substances Act, but the law has a clause, Section 56(1), which states that the Health Minister may exempt substances if necessary for medical or scientific purposes. Tobin is planning to give Health Canada to the end of the year to respond and, if they don’t, will file a motion in federal court asking for a judicial review. If his argument is denied there, he plans to go all the way to the Supreme Court.

“There have been several landmark cannabis cases in which the High Courts have delivered very explicit judgement that Canadian citizens have the right to autonomy in making healthcare decisions with regards to life and death medical conditions,” said Tobin. Early research has shown that psilocybin therapy is effective at treating end-of-life anxiety. Tobin says he has patients who’ve tried all the alternatives and are in “abject misery,” and he wants them to have access to psilocybin.

Tobin isn’t the only one pushing against Canada’s legal system. Dana Larsen, who founded a medical cannabis dispensary in 2007, announced he was launching a medical psilocybin dispensary in June. The dispensary is based in Vancouver and claims to mail psilocybin microdoses to people with a documented medical need; Larsen lists anxiety, cluster headaches, and pain as conditions that can be treated with psilocybin.

Like Tobin, Larsen hopes medical use of psilocybin will be legalized. But whereas Tobin is applying for legal recognition first (“I’ve chosen to stay on the legal side of the fence and establish legality before I get charged,” he said), Larsen isn’t prepared to wait. So far, he hasn’t faced much legal trouble. In a statement to Vice, Vancouver police spokesman Steve Addison said the police was aware of the dispensary in June and would look into it. “We continue to focus our enforcement energy towards combating organized and sophisticated criminals who profit from the production and distribution of harmful drugs, such as fentanyl and other opioids,” Addison said.

Constitutional challenge is not the only way to legalize medical psilocybin; the more conventional route is to simply conduct enough experiments for the drug to be approved by health authorities. This process is currently ongoing for psilocybin, with a stage three trial (the most advanced necessary for medical approval) underway in North America and Europe on psilocybin as treatment for depression. In October 2018, the US Food and Drug Administration gave the trial “breakthrough therapy designation”, meaning the study will be hastened through the drug-development process, and suggesting the FDA is inclined to approve psilocybin as medication if the stage three results are strong.

But stage three trials are necessarily large and, in the case of psilocybin therapy, it takes time to train enough therapists to carry out the treatment. Tobin says that, until the stage three trials are completed, legalizing psilocybin by constitutional challenge would provide psilocybin to those who need it most. Though his legal challenge could take several years if it proceeds to the Supreme Court, Tobin believes he’ll see success under judicial review. By the end of 2020, he believes medical psilocybin will be a recognized constitutional right in Canada.

December 31, 2020

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Mystical Experiences

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Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Mystical Experiences

Michael Lyvers, in Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse, 2016

Abstract

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is the best-known drug of a subtype of hallucinogens, commonly referred to as psychedelics. LSD is by far the most potent psychedelic and one of the most potent psychoactive substances ever discovered. This chapter reviews the current state of knowledge about LSD, focusing on the theory of LSD actions in brain, the ability of the drug to elicit mystical/religious experiences, the risks of LSD use, past therapeutic applications, the colorful history of LSD, its myriad influences on Western culture, and future prospects for this controversial mind-changing chemical.

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Drugs of abuse

Amitava Dasgupta, in Alcohol, Drugs, Genes and the Clinical Laboratory, 2017

Abuse of hallucinogens

LSD was first synthesized by Albert Hofmann in 1938 and then its psychedelic effect was discovered in 1943. Lysergic acid is found naturally in the parasitic fungus C. purpurea. Although LSD was a popular recreational drug in 1960s, today its abuse is less common. A moderate dose of 75–150 μg of LSD can produce psychedelic effects (optimum dosage used for recreational purpose is 100–200 μg). Traumatic experience (bad trips) may also occur from LSD abuse. LSD also alters the state of consciousness as well as impairing psychomotor functions. The biochemical action of LSD is due to its partial agonistic property of serotonin receptors 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) especially 5-HT2A receptors. Although LSD abuse can result in severe toxicity, there is no documented death due to abuse of LSD alone. LSD is completely absorbed after ingestion and psychological effects are observed 30–45 min after ingestion. In humans, LSD is also rapidly metabolized into structurally similar metabolites [46]. The major metabolite is 2-oxo-3-hydroxy lysergic acid, which is present in human urine 16–43 times greater than LSD [47].

December 31, 2020

Toxicology and the clinical laboratory of LSD

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Toxicology and the clinical laboratory of LSD

 

Lysergic acid diethylamide

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is synthesized from d-lysergic acid, a naturally occurring ergot alkaloid found in the fungus Claviceps purpurea, which grows on wheat and other grains. LSD shares structural features with serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; a major CNS neurotransmitter and neuromodulator) [81]. LSD binds to serotonin receptors in the CNS and acts as a serotonin agonist. The principal psychological effects of LSD are perceptual distortions of color, sound, distance, and shape (synesthesia); depersonalization and loss of body image; and rapidly changing emotions from ecstasy to depression or paranoia. The physiologic effects of LSD are related to its sympathomimetic actions and include mydriasis (most frequent and consistent), tachycardia, increased body temperature, diaphoresis, and hypertension; at higher doses, parasympathomimetic actions may be observed [e.g., salivation, lacrimation, nausea, and vomiting (muscarinic actions)]. Neuromuscular effects may include paresthesia, muscle twitches, and incoordination (nicotinic actions) [81].

LSD is used illicitly because of its hallucinogenic effects. The most common adverse effects of LSD are panic attacks. In addition, unpredictable recurrence of hallucinations (flashbacks) may occur weeks or months after last drug use, and LSD may elicit psychotic reactions. No evidence suggests that repeated LSD use results in dependence or withdrawal symptoms [81].

Popular dosage forms include powder, gelatin capsule, tablet, and LSD-impregnated sugar cubes, filter paper, or postage stamps. The drug is rapidly absorbed from the GI tract; the effects begin within 40–60 minutes, peaking at ~2–4 hours, and subside by 6–8 hours. The elimination t1/2 is ~3 hours. The metabolism of LSD in humans is incompletely understood, but 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD is present in urine at concentrations of 10- to 43-fold greater than LSD [82]. N-demethyl-LSD is also present in urine specimens, but at concentrations approximately equivalent to those of LSD [83].

The typical dose is low (20–80 μg) and is rapidly metabolized, and only ~1%–2% of the drug is excreted unchanged in urine. Thus detection of LSD presents an especially difficult analytical challenge. Even with sensitive assays, the detection window for LSD is generally only 12–24 hours [84]. Immunoassays are targeted to detect LSD, and confirmation assays may be performed by GC–MS, GC–MS/MS, LC–MS/MS, or LC–MS [16].

December 31, 2020

LSD pharmacology

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LSD pharmacology

LSD affects a large number of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors including those of many dopamine, serotonin and adrenoreceptor subtypes as indicated in Figure 10.4.

With reference to the hallucinogenic effects of LSD it appears that its binding affinity for the 5-HT2A receptor is responsible. 5-HT2A antagonists effectively block any hallucinogenic action. So what LSD seems to do is artificially activate serotonin receptors when there is actually no serotonin being released. Typically the neuromodulatory effects of the serotoninergic system moderates awareness of one’s environmental surroundings and filters the information prior to processing. In this way only enough information is processed as deemed necessary for survival. The result of this is that the filter is opened by LSD so that neural pathways get stimulated, even though the brain had no intention of it happening as there was no causal stimulus. For example, LSD might fool the visual cortex into thinking that it is receiving input from light falling on the retina when this actually is not the case. It has been suggested that LSD shifts action potentials toward the right hemisphere, the side of the brain predisposed to creativity.24

Although most research into LSD focuses on serotonin transmission, it is becoming clear that dopamine is also profoundly affected and so influences the addictive potential of LSD. It is generally accepted that LSD itself is not addictive because it does not produce compulsive drug-seeking behaviour. Its dopamine agonist actions can, however, stimulate reward pathways which leads users to try other rewarding drugs with greater addictive potential. Research conducted on pig brains using PET scans indicates that LSD has a similar magnitude of effects on dopamine receptors as amphetamine, but of longer duration.25 LSD trips occur in two temporal phases, the first phase mediated by serotonin and the second by dopamine.

December 27, 2020

Is it Possible to Overdose on Ecstasy? (What to Do for Treatment)

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Is it Possible to Overdose on Ecstasy? (What to Do for Treatment)

Many are familiar with some of the effects of MDMA, also called Molly or ecstasy. Perhaps the most popular and well-known drug on the club scene, ecstasy is often associated with pleasurable effects that include a feeling of closeness to others, increased energy, and feelings of euphoria.

But what many aren’t sure about, is just how long these feelings — along with other, less pleasurable ones, such as chills, sweating or nausea —last. After the sensations of ecstasy have passed, how long does the drug stay in a user’s system?

Whether an individual is looking to recover from ecstasy abuse or simply trying to ensure they’ll pass a drug test after using Molly, understanding how MDMA makes its way through the body can provide some answers.

Table of contents

How Long Does Ecstasy Stay In A User’s Blood?

When taken orally, in pill or tablet form, ecstasy reaches its highest concentration in a user’s blood about two hours after taking it.

Ecstasy stays in a user’s blood for up to 48 hours after use. This is four times longer than alcohol, amphetamines, or heroin.

How Long Does Ecstasy Stay In Urine?

MDMA, another name for Ecstasy, is secreted through the user’s urine as it is metabolized, and can be detected in urine from two to four days. Again, alkaline urine may result in slower excretion of the drug.

Certain prescription and over-the-counter drugs, including pseudoephedrine and certain antidepressants, can cause an individual to test positive for ecstasy or MDMA even if there is none present in their system. Individuals should inform test administrators of any prescription or over-the-counter medications they are taking.

Urine drug test cup and strips

How Long Does Ecstasy Stay In Saliva?

Ecstasy is taken orally, so it’s detectable in saliva within only five minutes or so. It remains detectable in the saliva for up to two days.

How Long Will Ecstasy Be Detectable In A Hair Follicle Test?

Hair-based drug tests are the most accurate tests and the hardest to cheat, with a much longer detection window than urine or blood tests.

Ecstasy and most other drugs can be detected in hair follicle tests for up to 90 days after use.

Immediate Effects Of Ecstasy Use

Although ecstasy can be snorted, smoked, or injected, it is usually taken in pill or tablet form.

The user usually begins to feel euphoric rushes about 20 to 40 minutes after swallowing their dose, sometimes along with stomach uneasiness or nausea.

Peak effects — which may include heightened senses and empathy, euphoria, dehydration, and involuntary teeth clenching — take place about 60 to 90 minutes after taking the dose.

The user may continue to experience these effects for up to six hours, although they will not be as strong after the peak period. As the drug leaves the system, the user may feel the urge to take more and keep the high going.

The Post-Ecstasy Crash

Ecstasy works through manipulating levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that plays a major role in mood, pleasure, sleep, and heart rate. After ecstasy use, a user’s serotonin levels are depleted. Individuals may feel depressed, moody, and low energy.
These acute effects may last from two to seven days. Repeated doses of ecstasy are likely to worsen these effects and prolong their duration.

Long-Term Effects

According to the Center for Substance Abuse Research, there is some evidence that even after ecstasy has fully left the body through urine excretion, its effects on the brain may persist. This can even include damage to the brain’s critical thought and memory functions.

Ecstasy may also trigger an overall decline in serotonin and dopamine, brain chemicals that play an important role in emotion, pleasure, and learning. This may interfere with an individual’s ability to experience pleasure without the drug. Long-term use of ecstasy, particularly in higher doses, may increase the risk of these serious side effects.

Hidden Ingredients

Because street ecstasy tablets are unregulated, it’s impossible for users to know what substances their doses contain unless they take them to a lab to get tested, which is unlikely.

According to the Center for Substance Abuse Research, it’s common for ecstasy to be cut with a variety of other substances. Everything from caffeine and pseudoephedrine to PCP, heroin, and methamphetamine may be used. This means that after using ecstasy, a user may have multiple substances to process out of the body. These drugs could also show up on a drug test, depending on their rates of metabolism.

How Ecstasy Travels Through The Body

Once ingested, ecstasy molecules enter the stomach and move to the small intestine and then the liver, where a portion of the drug metabolizes into nonactive compounds. The rest returns to the bloodstream and is carried to the heart through the circulatory system, where it oxygenates.

Ecstasy molecules then pass the blood-brain barrier to affect the neocortex and limbic system, disturbing mood, memory, and pleasure. This is what creates the effects users seek. After metabolizing in the liver, MDMA excretes through the kidneys.

What Is Ecstasy’s Half-Life?

A biological half-life refers to how long it takes half of a drug or medication to be metabolized and eliminated from a user’s bloodstream.

A drug’s half-life will depend on the user as well. Factors like weight, body mass, metabolism, liver function, genetics, and drug tolerance will all play a part in determining the metabolism of a drug.

Drugs with shorter half-lives take effect faster but can lead to higher levels of dependency. Drugs with longer half-lives act more slowly on the system, but they also stay in the system longer.

The half-life of ecstasy is around eight hours.

Other Factors In The Metabolism Process

Alkaline urine (urine with a pH of higher than 7.0) may increase the half-life of ecstasy greatly, to about 16 to 31 hours. Many factors can contribute to alkaline urine, including a urinary tract infection or bacterial contamination, or even a diet high in vegetables and legumes. It takes about 40 hours for your body to detox approximately 95 percent of the drug out of your system.

Ecstasy also contains the metabolite HMMA, which can remain in the body for over 30 hours longer than MDMA. However, most standard drug tests do not test for this metabolite

December 27, 2020

What Is Ecstasy’s Half-Life?

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What Is Ecstasy’s Half-Life?

Many are familiar with some of the effects of MDMA, also called Molly or ecstasy. Perhaps the most popular and well-known drug on the club scene, ecstasy is often associated with pleasurable effects that include a feeling of closeness to others, increased energy, and feelings of euphoria.

But what many aren’t sure about, is just how long these feelings — along with other, less pleasurable ones, such as chills, sweating or nausea —last. After the sensations of ecstasy have passed, how long does the drug stay in a user’s system?

Whether an individual is looking to recover from ecstasy abuse or simply trying to ensure they’ll pass a drug test after using Molly, understanding how MDMA makes its way through the body can provide some answers.

Table of contents

How Long Does Ecstasy Stay In A User’s Blood?

When taken orally, in pill or tablet form, ecstasy reaches its highest concentration in a user’s blood about two hours after taking it.

Ecstasy stays in a user’s blood for up to 48 hours after use. This is four times longer than alcohol, amphetamines, or heroin.

How Long Does Ecstasy Stay In Urine?

MDMA, another name for Ecstasy, is secreted through the user’s urine as it is metabolized, and can be detected in urine from two to four days. Again, alkaline urine may result in slower excretion of the drug.

Certain prescription and over-the-counter drugs, including pseudoephedrine and certain antidepressants, can cause an individual to test positive for ecstasy or MDMA even if there is none present in their system. Individuals should inform test administrators of any prescription or over-the-counter medications they are taking.

Urine drug test cup and strips

How Long Does Ecstasy Stay In Saliva?

Ecstasy is taken orally, so it’s detectable in saliva within only five minutes or so. It remains detectable in the saliva for up to two days.

How Long Will Ecstasy Be Detectable In A Hair Follicle Test?

Hair-based drug tests are the most accurate tests and the hardest to cheat, with a much longer detection window than urine or blood tests.

Ecstasy and most other drugs can be detected in hair follicle tests for up to 90 days after use.

Immediate Effects Of Ecstasy Use

Although ecstasy can be snorted, smoked, or injected, it is usually taken in pill or tablet form.

The user usually begins to feel euphoric rushes about 20 to 40 minutes after swallowing their dose, sometimes along with stomach uneasiness or nausea.

Peak effects — which may include heightened senses and empathy, euphoria, dehydration, and involuntary teeth clenching — take place about 60 to 90 minutes after taking the dose.

The user may continue to experience these effects for up to six hours, although they will not be as strong after the peak period. As the drug leaves the system, the user may feel the urge to take more and keep the high going.

The Post-Ecstasy Crash

Ecstasy works through manipulating levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that plays a major role in mood, pleasure, sleep, and heart rate. After ecstasy use, a user’s serotonin levels are depleted. Individuals may feel depressed, moody, and low energy.
These acute effects may last from two to seven days. Repeated doses of ecstasy are likely to worsen these effects and prolong their duration.

Long-Term Effects

According to the Center for Substance Abuse Research, there is some evidence that even after ecstasy has fully left the body through urine excretion, its effects on the brain may persist. This can even include damage to the brain’s critical thought and memory functions.

Ecstasy may also trigger an overall decline in serotonin and dopamine, brain chemicals that play an important role in emotion, pleasure, and learning. This may interfere with an individual’s ability to experience pleasure without the drug. Long-term use of ecstasy, particularly in higher doses, may increase the risk of these serious side effects.

Hidden Ingredients

Because street ecstasy tablets are unregulated, it’s impossible for users to know what substances their doses contain unless they take them to a lab to get tested, which is unlikely.

According to the Center for Substance Abuse Research, it’s common for ecstasy to be cut with a variety of other substances. Everything from caffeine and pseudoephedrine to PCP, heroin, and methamphetamine may be used. This means that after using ecstasy, a user may have multiple substances to process out of the body. These drugs could also show up on a drug test, depending on their rates of metabolism.

How Ecstasy Travels Through The Body

Once ingested, ecstasy molecules enter the stomach and move to the small intestine and then the liver, where a portion of the drug metabolizes into nonactive compounds. The rest returns to the bloodstream and is carried to the heart through the circulatory system, where it oxygenates.

Ecstasy molecules then pass the blood-brain barrier to affect the neocortex and limbic system, disturbing mood, memory, and pleasure. This is what creates the effects users seek. After metabolizing in the liver, MDMA excretes through the kidneys.

What Is Ecstasy’s Half-Life?

A biological half-life refers to how long it takes half of a drug or medication to be metabolized and eliminated from a user’s bloodstream.

A drug’s half-life will depend on the user as well. Factors like weight, body mass, metabolism, liver function, genetics, and drug tolerance will all play a part in determining the metabolism of a drug.

Drugs with shorter half-lives take effect faster but can lead to higher levels of dependency. Drugs with longer half-lives act more slowly on the system, but they also stay in the system longer.

The half-life of ecstasy is around eight hours.

Other Factors In The Metabolism Process

Alkaline urine (urine with a pH of higher than 7.0) may increase the half-life of ecstasy greatly, to about 16 to 31 hours. Many factors can contribute to alkaline urine, including a urinary tract infection or bacterial contamination, or even a diet high in vegetables and legumes. It takes about 40 hours for your body to detox approximately 95 percent of the drug out of your system.

Ecstasy also contains the metabolite HMMA, which can remain in the body for over 30 hours longer than MDMA. However, most standard drug tests do not test for this metabolite

December 27, 2020

How Ecstasy Travels Through The Body?

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How Ecstasy Travels Through The Body?

Many are familiar with some of the effects of MDMA, also called Molly or ecstasy. Perhaps the most popular and well-known drug on the club scene, ecstasy is often associated with pleasurable effects that include a feeling of closeness to others, increased energy, and feelings of euphoria.

But what many aren’t sure about, is just how long these feelings — along with other, less pleasurable ones, such as chills, sweating or nausea —last. After the sensations of ecstasy have passed, how long does the drug stay in a user’s system?

Whether an individual is looking to recover from ecstasy abuse or simply trying to ensure they’ll pass a drug test after using Molly, understanding how MDMA makes its way through the body can provide some answers.

Table of contents

How Long Does Ecstasy Stay In A User’s Blood?

When taken orally, in pill or tablet form, ecstasy reaches its highest concentration in a user’s blood about two hours after taking it.

Ecstasy stays in a user’s blood for up to 48 hours after use. This is four times longer than alcohol, amphetamines, or heroin.

How Long Does Ecstasy Stay In Urine?

MDMA, another name for Ecstasy, is secreted through the user’s urine as it is metabolized, and can be detected in urine from two to four days. Again, alkaline urine may result in slower excretion of the drug.

Certain prescription and over-the-counter drugs, including pseudoephedrine and certain antidepressants, can cause an individual to test positive for ecstasy or MDMA even if there is none present in their system. Individuals should inform test administrators of any prescription or over-the-counter medications they are taking.

Urine drug test cup and strips

How Long Does Ecstasy Stay In Saliva?

Ecstasy is taken orally, so it’s detectable in saliva within only five minutes or so. It remains detectable in the saliva for up to two days.

How Long Will Ecstasy Be Detectable In A Hair Follicle Test?

Hair-based drug tests are the most accurate tests and the hardest to cheat, with a much longer detection window than urine or blood tests.

Ecstasy and most other drugs can be detected in hair follicle tests for up to 90 days after use.

Immediate Effects Of Ecstasy Use

Although ecstasy can be snorted, smoked, or injected, it is usually taken in pill or tablet form.

The user usually begins to feel euphoric rushes about 20 to 40 minutes after swallowing their dose, sometimes along with stomach uneasiness or nausea.

Peak effects — which may include heightened senses and empathy, euphoria, dehydration, and involuntary teeth clenching — take place about 60 to 90 minutes after taking the dose.

The user may continue to experience these effects for up to six hours, although they will not be as strong after the peak period. As the drug leaves the system, the user may feel the urge to take more and keep the high going.

The Post-Ecstasy Crash

Ecstasy works through manipulating levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that plays a major role in mood, pleasure, sleep, and heart rate. After ecstasy use, a user’s serotonin levels are depleted. Individuals may feel depressed, moody, and low energy.
These acute effects may last from two to seven days. Repeated doses of ecstasy are likely to worsen these effects and prolong their duration.

Long-Term Effects

According to the Center for Substance Abuse Research, there is some evidence that even after ecstasy has fully left the body through urine excretion, its effects on the brain may persist. This can even include damage to the brain’s critical thought and memory functions.

Ecstasy may also trigger an overall decline in serotonin and dopamine, brain chemicals that play an important role in emotion, pleasure, and learning. This may interfere with an individual’s ability to experience pleasure without the drug. Long-term use of ecstasy, particularly in higher doses, may increase the risk of these serious side effects.

Hidden Ingredients

Because street ecstasy tablets are unregulated, it’s impossible for users to know what substances their doses contain unless they take them to a lab to get tested, which is unlikely.

According to the Center for Substance Abuse Research, it’s common for ecstasy to be cut with a variety of other substances. Everything from caffeine and pseudoephedrine to PCP, heroin, and methamphetamine may be used. This means that after using ecstasy, a user may have multiple substances to process out of the body. These drugs could also show up on a drug test, depending on their rates of metabolism.

How Ecstasy Travels Through The Body

Once ingested, ecstasy molecules enter the stomach and move to the small intestine and then the liver, where a portion of the drug metabolizes into nonactive compounds. The rest returns to the bloodstream and is carried to the heart through the circulatory system, where it oxygenates.

Ecstasy molecules then pass the blood-brain barrier to affect the neocortex and limbic system, disturbing mood, memory, and pleasure. This is what creates the effects users seek. After metabolizing in the liver, MDMA excretes through the kidneys.

What Is Ecstasy’s Half-Life?

A biological half-life refers to how long it takes half of a drug or medication to be metabolized and eliminated from a user’s bloodstream.

A drug’s half-life will depend on the user as well. Factors like weight, body mass, metabolism, liver function, genetics, and drug tolerance will all play a part in determining the metabolism of a drug.

Drugs with shorter half-lives take effect faster but can lead to higher levels of dependency. Drugs with longer half-lives act more slowly on the system, but they also stay in the system longer.

The half-life of ecstasy is around eight hours.

Other Factors In The Metabolism Process

Alkaline urine (urine with a pH of higher than 7.0) may increase the half-life of ecstasy greatly, to about 16 to 31 hours. Many factors can contribute to alkaline urine, including a urinary tract infection or bacterial contamination, or even a diet high in vegetables and legumes. It takes about 40 hours for your body to detox approximately 95 percent of the drug out of your system.

Ecstasy also contains the metabolite HMMA, which can remain in the body for over 30 hours longer than MDMA. However, most standard drug tests do not test for this metabolite

December 27, 2020

Long-Term Effects of ecstasy?

Post By admin Uncategorized No Comments

Long-Term Effects of ecstasy?

Many are familiar with some of the effects of MDMA, also called Molly or ecstasy. Perhaps the most popular and well-known drug on the club scene, ecstasy is often associated with pleasurable effects that include a feeling of closeness to others, increased energy, and feelings of euphoria.

But what many aren’t sure about, is just how long these feelings — along with other, less pleasurable ones, such as chills, sweating or nausea —last. After the sensations of ecstasy have passed, how long does the drug stay in a user’s system?

Whether an individual is looking to recover from ecstasy abuse or simply trying to ensure they’ll pass a drug test after using Molly, understanding how MDMA makes its way through the body can provide some answers.

Table of contents

How Long Does Ecstasy Stay In A User’s Blood?

When taken orally, in pill or tablet form, ecstasy reaches its highest concentration in a user’s blood about two hours after taking it.

Ecstasy stays in a user’s blood for up to 48 hours after use. This is four times longer than alcohol, amphetamines, or heroin.

How Long Does Ecstasy Stay In Urine?

MDMA, another name for Ecstasy, is secreted through the user’s urine as it is metabolized, and can be detected in urine from two to four days. Again, alkaline urine may result in slower excretion of the drug.

Certain prescription and over-the-counter drugs, including pseudoephedrine and certain antidepressants, can cause an individual to test positive for ecstasy or MDMA even if there is none present in their system. Individuals should inform test administrators of any prescription or over-the-counter medications they are taking.

Urine drug test cup and strips

How Long Does Ecstasy Stay In Saliva?

Ecstasy is taken orally, so it’s detectable in saliva within only five minutes or so. It remains detectable in the saliva for up to two days.

How Long Will Ecstasy Be Detectable In A Hair Follicle Test?

Hair-based drug tests are the most accurate tests and the hardest to cheat, with a much longer detection window than urine or blood tests.

Ecstasy and most other drugs can be detected in hair follicle tests for up to 90 days after use.

Immediate Effects Of Ecstasy Use

Although ecstasy can be snorted, smoked, or injected, it is usually taken in pill or tablet form.

The user usually begins to feel euphoric rushes about 20 to 40 minutes after swallowing their dose, sometimes along with stomach uneasiness or nausea.

Peak effects — which may include heightened senses and empathy, euphoria, dehydration, and involuntary teeth clenching — take place about 60 to 90 minutes after taking the dose.

The user may continue to experience these effects for up to six hours, although they will not be as strong after the peak period. As the drug leaves the system, the user may feel the urge to take more and keep the high going.

The Post-Ecstasy Crash

Ecstasy works through manipulating levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that plays a major role in mood, pleasure, sleep, and heart rate. After ecstasy use, a user’s serotonin levels are depleted. Individuals may feel depressed, moody, and low energy.
These acute effects may last from two to seven days. Repeated doses of ecstasy are likely to worsen these effects and prolong their duration.

Long-Term Effects

According to the Center for Substance Abuse Research, there is some evidence that even after ecstasy has fully left the body through urine excretion, its effects on the brain may persist. This can even include damage to the brain’s critical thought and memory functions.

Ecstasy may also trigger an overall decline in serotonin and dopamine, brain chemicals that play an important role in emotion, pleasure, and learning. This may interfere with an individual’s ability to experience pleasure without the drug. Long-term use of ecstasy, particularly in higher doses, may increase the risk of these serious side effects.

Hidden Ingredients

Because street ecstasy tablets are unregulated, it’s impossible for users to know what substances their doses contain unless they take them to a lab to get tested, which is unlikely.

According to the Center for Substance Abuse Research, it’s common for ecstasy to be cut with a variety of other substances. Everything from caffeine and pseudoephedrine to PCP, heroin, and methamphetamine may be used. This means that after using ecstasy, a user may have multiple substances to process out of the body. These drugs could also show up on a drug test, depending on their rates of metabolism.

How Ecstasy Travels Through The Body

Once ingested, ecstasy molecules enter the stomach and move to the small intestine and then the liver, where a portion of the drug metabolizes into nonactive compounds. The rest returns to the bloodstream and is carried to the heart through the circulatory system, where it oxygenates.

Ecstasy molecules then pass the blood-brain barrier to affect the neocortex and limbic system, disturbing mood, memory, and pleasure. This is what creates the effects users seek. After metabolizing in the liver, MDMA excretes through the kidneys.

What Is Ecstasy’s Half-Life?

A biological half-life refers to how long it takes half of a drug or medication to be metabolized and eliminated from a user’s bloodstream.

A drug’s half-life will depend on the user as well. Factors like weight, body mass, metabolism, liver function, genetics, and drug tolerance will all play a part in determining the metabolism of a drug.

Drugs with shorter half-lives take effect faster but can lead to higher levels of dependency. Drugs with longer half-lives act more slowly on the system, but they also stay in the system longer.

The half-life of ecstasy is around eight hours.

Other Factors In The Metabolism Process

Alkaline urine (urine with a pH of higher than 7.0) may increase the half-life of ecstasy greatly, to about 16 to 31 hours. Many factors can contribute to alkaline urine, including a urinary tract infection or bacterial contamination, or even a diet high in vegetables and legumes. It takes about 40 hours for your body to detox approximately 95 percent of the drug out of your system.

Ecstasy also contains the metabolite HMMA, which can remain in the body for over 30 hours longer than MDMA. However, most standard drug tests do not test for this metabolite